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====== Principles for Software Composition ======

{{:magistraleinformatica:psc:psc.png?250 | }}

**PSC 2018/19 (375AA, 9 CFU)**

Lecturer: **Roberto Bruni**\\
[[http://www.di.unipi.it/~bruni|web]] - [[mailto:bruni@di.unipi.it|email]] - phone 050 2212785 - fax 050 2212726

Office hours: **Tuesday 15:00-17:00 or by appointment**

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==== Objectives ====

The objective of the course is to present:
  * different models of computation,
  * their programming paradigms,
  * their mathematical descriptions, both //concrete// and //abstract//,
  * some intellectual tools/techniques for reasoning on models.

The course will cover the basic techniques for assigning meaning to programs with higher-order, concurrent and probabilistic features (e.g., domain theory, logical systems, well-founded induction, structural recursion, labelled transition systems, Markov chains, probabilistic reactive systems, stochastic process algebras) and for proving their fundamental properties, such as termination, normalisation, determinacy, behavioural equivalence and logical equivalence. Temporal and modal logics will also be studied for the specification and analysis of programs. In particular, some emphasis will be posed on modularity and compositionality, in the sense of guaranteeing some property of the whole by proving simpler properties of its parts.


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==== Prerequisites ====

There are no prerequisites, but the students are expected to have some familiarity with discrete mathematics, first-order logic, context-free grammars, and code fragments in imperative and functional style.

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==== Textbook(s) ====

Main text:

  * Roberto Bruni, Ugo Montanari, "[[http://www.springer.com/978-3-319-42898-7|Models of Computation]]", Springer Texts in Computer Science, 2017.

Other readings:

  * Jane Hillston, [[http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/pepa/book.pdf|A Compositional Approach to Performance Modelling]], Cambridge University Press (1996). Chapters 1-3.
  * Caleb Doxsey, [[http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920046516.do|Introducing Go]], O'Reilly Media (2016). Chapters: 1-4, 6-7, 10.
  * Joe Armstrong, [[https://pragprog.com/book/jaerlang2/programming-erlang|Programming Erlang]], 2nd edition. The Pragmatic Bookshelf (2013). Chapters: 1-5, 8, 10-12.
  * Graham Hutton, "[[http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~pszgmh/pih.html|Programming in Haskell]]", 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press (2016). Chapters: 1-8, 14, 15.
  * Robin Milner, "[[https://books.google.it/books/about/Communication_and_Concurrency.html?id=QPyyQgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|Communication and Concurrency]]", Prentice Hall (1989). Chapters: 1-7, 10.

External resources:

  * [[https://www.haskell.org/|Haskell]]
  * [[http://www.erlang.org/|Erlang]]
  * [[http://golang.org/|Google Go]]
  * [[http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/pepa/|PEPA]]
  * [[http://caal.cs.aau.dk/|CAAL]]
  * [[http://pseuco.com/|PseuCo]]


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==== Exams ====

The evaluation will be based on written and oral exams.

The written exam is not necessary if the two (written) mid-terms exams are evaluated positively.

  * First (written) mid-term exam: **Wed April 3, 14:00-16:00, room L1** 
  * Second (written) mid-term exam: **Wed June 5, 11:00-13:00, room L1**

Registration to written exams (mandatory): [[https://esami.unipi.it/esami/|Exams registration system]]

In the written exam the student must demonstrate 
  * knowledge: his/her knowledge of the course material
  * problem solving: the ability to solve some exercises, and
  * organisation: the ability to organise an effective and correctly written reply.

During the oral exam the student must demonstrate 
  * knowledge: his/her knowledge of the course material, and 
  * understanding: the ability to discuss the reading matter thoughtfully and with propriety of expression.

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==== Oral Exams: schedule ====

^ Date ^^ Time ^ Name ^ 
| **Day** | **DD/MM** | hh:mm | student |
|  |  | ... | ... |

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==== Announcements ====

  * **08/05/2019:**\\ The missed lecture of friday 03/05 has been rescheduled as follows:
    * Wednesday 15/05 from 16:00 to 17:00 in room L1.
    * Wednesday 22/05 from 16:00 to 17:00 in room L1.

  * **02/05/2019:**\\ The lecture of **friday 03/05** is canceled due to an institutional meeting, it will be rescheduled in May

  * **17/04/2019:**\\ The missed lecture of friday 29/03 is rescheduled for today from 16:00-18:00 in room L1.

  * **29/03/2019:**\\ Today lecture is canceled, it will be rescheduled in April

  * as the course starts:\\ Each student should send an email to the professor from his/her favourite email account with subject **PSC18-19** and the following data\\ (by doing so, the account will be included in the class mailing-list, where important announcements can be sent):
    - **first name** and **last name** (please clarify which is which, to avoid ambiguities)
    - **enrolment number** (numero di matricola)
    - bachelor degree (**course of study** and **university**)
    - your favourite topics in computer science (optional)

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==== Lectures (1st part) ====

^ N ^ Date ^^ Time ^ Room ^ Lecture notes ^ Links ^
|  1 | Wed | 20/02 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Introduction to the course |  |
|  2 | Thu | 21/02 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Preliminaries:\\ //formal semantics, normalisation, determinacy, consistency, equivalence,\\ signatures, unification problem,// |  |
|  3 | Fri | 22/02 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | Preliminaries:\\ //logical systems, derivations, logic programs, goal-oriented derivations// |  |
|  4 | Wed | 27/02 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Exercises:\\ //unification, goal-oriented derivations//\\ \\ Induction and recursion:\\ //well-founded relations, well-founded induction, mathematical induction// |  |
|  5 | Thu | 28/02 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Induction and recursion:\\ //proof of induction principle, structural induction,\\ termination of arithmetic expressions, determinacy of arithmetic expressions// |  |
|  6 | Fri | 01/03 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | Induction and recursion:\\ //structural induction over many-sorted signatures, termination of boolean expressions,\\ operational semantics of commands, divergence// |  |
|  7 | Wed | 06/03 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Induction and recursion:\\ //induction on derivations, rule induction, determinacy of commands,\\ well-founded recursion, denotational semantics of arithmetic expressions// |  |
|  8 | Thu | 07/03 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Exercises:\\ //induction and recursion, consistency of arithmetic expressions//\\ \\ Induction and recursion:\\ //lexicographic precedence relation, Ackermann function, fixpoint equations,\\ operational equivalence of commands//\\ \\ Partial orders and fixpoints:\\ //partial orders, Hasse diagrams, chains// |  |
|  9 | Fri | 08/03 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | Partial orders and fixpoints:\\ //least element, minimal element, bottom element, upper bounds,\\ least upper bound, chains, limits, complete partial orders, powerset completeness,\\ CPO of partial functions, monotonicity, continuity, Kleene's fixpoint theorem// |  |
| 10 | Wed | 13/03 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Partial orders and fixpoints:\\ //immediate consequences operator, denotational semantics of commands,\\ fixpoint computation, consistency of commands, semantic equivalence// |  |
| 11 | Thu | 14/03 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Partial orders and fixpoints:\\ //consistency of commands, semantic equivalence, compositionality// |  |
| 12 | Fri | 15/03 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | Exercises:\\ //well-founded recursion, posets, denotational semantics// |  |
| 13 | Wed | 20/03 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Haskell:\\ //an overview//\\ {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:ghci-session1-2019.txt.zip |ghci session 1}} | [[https://www.haskell.org/|Haskell]] |
| 14 | Thu | 21/03 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Haskell:\\ //recursion, exercises, folds//\\ {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:ghci-session2-2019.txt.zip |ghci session 2}} |  |
| 15 | Fri | 22/03 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | Haskell:\\ //application, function composition, data types, type classes, recursive data structures,\\ derived instances, IO actions, errors//\\ {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:ghci-session3-2019.txt.zip |ghci session 3}} |  |
| 16 | Wed | 27/03 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Exercises:\\ //Haskell//\\ \\ HOFL:\\ //syntax, type system, type checking, type inference, principal type// |  |
| 17 | Thu | 28/03 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | HOFL:\\ //canonical forms, operational semantics, lazy vs eager evaluation//\\ \\ Domain theory:\\ //Integers with bottom, cartesian product, projections// |  |
| - | Fri | 29/03 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | **Canceled, to be rescheduled** |  |
|  | Wed | 03/04 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:testo-2019-04-03.pdf |First mid-term written exam}}\\ {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:2019-04-03-appello-straordinario.pdf |Extra-ordinary exam}} |  |


==== Lectures (2nd part) ====

^ N ^ Date ^^ Time ^ Room ^ Lecture notes ^ Links ^
| 18 | Wed | 10/04 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Domain theory:\\ //switching lemma, functional domains, lifting, continuity theorems, apply// |  |
| 19 | Thu | 11/04 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Domain theory:\\ //fix, let notation//\\ \\ Denotational semantics of HOFL:\\ //Type consistency, substitution lemma, compositionality and other properties// |  |
| 20 | Fri | 12/04 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | Consistency of HOFL:\\ //Counterexample to completeness, correctness of the operational semantics,\\ operational convergence, denotational convergence,\\ operational convergence implies denotational convergence,\\ denotational convergence implies operational convergence (optional),\\ operational and denotational equivalence, correspondence for type int,\\ unlifted semantics// |  |
| 21 | Wed | 17/04 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Exercises:\\ //HOFL, domains// |  |
| 22 | Wed | 17/04 | 16:00-18:00 | L1 | Erlang:\\ //an overview//\\ {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:erl_2019.zip |erl session}} | [[http://www.erlang.org/|Erlang]] |
| 23 | Thu | 02/05 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | CCS:\\ //Syntax, operational semantics, abstract semantics, graph isomorphism,\\ trace equivalence, bisimulation game// |  |
| - | Fri | 03/05 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | **Canceled, to be rescheduled** |  |
| 24 | Wed | 08/05 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | CCS:\\ //strong bisimulation, strong bisimilarity, strong bisimilarity is an equivalence,\\ strong bisimilarity as a fixpoint// |  |
| 25 | Thu | 09/05 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | CCS:\\ //finitely branching processes, guarded processes,\\ Knaster-Tarski's fixpoint theorem, Hennessy-Milner logic,\\ strong bisimilarity is a congruence// |  |
| 26 | Fri | 10/05 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | CCS:\\ //some equational laws for strong bisimilarity,\\ weak bisimilarity, weak observational congruence, Milner's tau-laws, value passing,\\ modelling with CCS// |  |
| 27 | Wed | 15/05 | 14:00-17:00 | L1 | Exercises:\\ //Erlang, CCS//\\ \\ CCS:\\ //modelling and playing with CCS (using CAAL)//\\ {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:caal-session1.zip |CAAL session 1}} (copy the text and paste it in the Edit panel) | [[http://caal.cs.aau.dk/|CAAL]] |
| 28 | Thu | 16/05 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | CCS:\\ //modelling and playing with CCS (using CAAL)//\\ {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:caal-session2.zip |CAAL session 2}} (copy the text and paste it in the Edit panel)\\ \\ Temporal and modal logics:\\ //linear temporal logic (LTL)// |  |
| 29 | Fri | 17/05 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | Temporal and modal logics:\\ //computational tree logic (CTL* and CTL), mu-calculus// |  |
| 30 | Wed | 22/05 | 14:00-17:00 | L1 | GoogleGo:\\ //an overview//\\ {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:go-session.zip |go-session}}\\ \\ Pi-calculus:\\ //syntax and operational semantics, examples// | [[http://golang.org/|Google Go]] |
| 31 | Thu | 23/05 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Pi-calculus:\\ //abstract semantics, early and late bisimilarities, weak bisimilarities//\\ \\ Measure theory and Markov chains:\\ //probability space, random variables, stochastic processes,\\ homogeneous Markov chains, DTMC// |  |
| 32 | Fri | 24/05 | 14:00-16:00 | C1 | Exercises:\\ //logics, GoogleGo, pi-calculus// |  |
| 33 | Wed | 29/05 | 14:00-16:00 |  | Measure theory and Markov chains:\\ //DTMC as matrices, DTMC as PTS, next state probability, finite path probability,\\ ergodic DTMC and steady state distribution, exponential distribution, CTMC,\\ infinitesimal generator matrix, CTMC stationary distribution, bisimilarity revisited,\\ reachability predicate, CTMC bisimilarity//\\ \\ Exercises:\\ //probabilistic systems// |  |
| 34 | Thu | 30/05 | 14:00-16:00 |  | Measure theory and Markov chains:\\ //embedded DTMC, DTMC bisimilarity//\\ \\ Markov chains with actions:\\ //reactive systems, bisimilarity for reactive systems, Larsen-Skou logic//\\ \\ PEPA:\\ //PEPA syntax, apparent rate, PEPA operational semantics,\\ performance analysis//\\ \\ Exercises:\\ //probabilistic systems// | [[http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/pepa/|PEPA]] |
| - | Fri | 31/05 | 14:00-16:00 |  | **Canceled, due to a strike of Polo Fibonacci personnel** |  |
|  | Wed | 05/06 | 11:00-13:00 | L1 | {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:testo-2019-06-05.pdf |Second mid-term written exam}} |  |
|  | Wed | 19/06 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:testo-2019-06-19.pdf |Exam}} |  |
|  | Fri | 05/07 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | Exam |  |
|  | Tue | 23/07 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:testo-2019-07-23.pdf |Exam}} |  |
|  | Tue | 10/09 | 14:00-16:00 | L1 | {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:testo-2019-09-10.pdf |Exam}} |  |
|  | Thu | 14/11 | 09:00-11:00 | L1 | {{ :magistraleinformatica:psc:2019-11-14-appello-straordinario.pdf |Appello straordinario}} |  |
|  | Tue | 14/01 | 14:00-16:00 | N1 | Exam |  |
|  | Tue | 11/02 | 14:00-16:00 | N1 | Exam |  |


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==== Past courses ====

  * [[magistraleinformatica:psc:2017-18:|A.A. 2017/18]]
  * [[magistraleinformatica:mod:|MOD (A.A. 2016/17)]]
  * [[magistraleinformatica:mod:2015-16:|MOD (A.A. 2015/16)]]
  * [[magistraleinformatica:mod:2014-15:|MOD (A.A. 2014/15)]]
  * [[magistraleinformatica:mod:2013-14:|MOD (A.A. 2013/14)]]

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